“We’re going to prepare you like you’re going into a war
zone,” my doctor said. Granted,
she was talking about my asthma medication regimen in preparation for living in
a country where everyone smokes.
But, I was also getting ready to live in a country that was once a horrendous war zone—Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
As with Rwanda, the history of Bosnia is far too rich to even
begin to explain here. To
understand the violence, though, you at least need to understand that Bosnia
was a multi-ethnic state in the former Yugoslavia, a communist country that
existed (with a few different names and collapses) from 1918 to 1991. During the Yugoslav era, Bosnia was a secular state with Muslim ("Bosniak"), Catholic, and Orthodox Christian citizens living, marrying, and working together in relative peace. The former Yugoslavia was
comprised of several republics, and in 1991, the central power structure,
headquartered in Serbia, crumbled.
Several republics—including Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia—decided to
seek independence. Bosnia soon
followed suit, and their declaration of independence was met with resistance
from Serbian leaders who sought a “Greater Serbia” — essentially an ethnically
homogenous region that included territory of interest in Bosnia.
In response to the April 6, 1992, Bosnian declaration of
independence, Serb forces opened fire on peaceful demonstrators in Sarajevo. The Serb leader, Slobodan Milosevic,
also shut down the Bosnian airport and blocked all roads leading to
Sarajevo. For the next several
years, Sarajevo was under siege, both by Serb forces (which controlled the
Yugoslav army) and Bosnian Serb forces, which operated from within Bosnia and received
aid from Serbia.
Many other places in Bosnia also saw violence. In several
regions of the country, people (mostly Bosniaks) were interned in concentration
camps. Many of these camps are
known as rape camps, as women were commonly raped and tortured while
there. There were also multiple
massacres, the most famous being the genocidal massacre of almost 8000 men in
Srebenica in July 1995. While Yugoslav forces and Bosnian Serb forces were the primary perpetrators of this violence, other forces, including numerous paramilitaries, also engaged in atrocities and violence against civilians.
The violence officially lasted until the end of 1995, though
some violence continued into 1996, and its effects are still felt today. Many perpetrators have been tried at
the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, as well as in
several other courts in Europe as well as in Bosnia.
It is a very interesting and professional dissertation. Synthesized and objective. I really like, share more.
ReplyDeleteThank you, Hollie! I'm following you again :) Hope you are finding your travel adventures interesting... and most of all productive in your studies!
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